Which type of radiation do Geiger-Muller instruments detect?

Geiger-Muller instruments are designed to detect a wide range of radiation types, which is why the answer is focused on the detection of beta radiation, X-rays, and gamma radiation. These instruments function by using a gas-filled tube, where the ionization caused by radiation interacts with the gas, leading to a measurable electrical pulse.

The versatility of Geiger-Muller counters makes them particularly useful in various radiation safety applications, as they can detect both high-energy gamma radiation and beta particles, giving them a broader scope than instruments specifically designed for just one type of radiation.

Alpha radiation, on the other hand, typically requires a different type of detector or specific adaptations to be detected with a Geiger-Muller counter because its particles have low penetration power and can be stopped by a sheet of paper or the outer layer of human skin. Neutron radiation also necessitates specialized detection methods, as conventional Geiger-Muller tubes are not effective for neutrons without specific modifications.

Thus, the correct understanding of the capabilities of Geiger-Muller instruments is important for effective radiation monitoring and safety.