What are the major somatic effects of radiation exposure?

The major somatic effects of radiation exposure primarily include cataract induction and cancer induction. Somatic effects are those that manifest in the individual who has been exposed to radiation, rather than effects that might be transmitted to future generations (which would be genetic effects).

Cataracts are a well-documented effect of radiation exposure, particularly when individuals receive high doses or chronic low doses over time. The lens of the eye is susceptible to radiation damage, which can lead to opacity and impaired vision.

Cancer induction is another significant somatic effect, as exposure to ionizing radiation increases the risk of developing various types of cancer. This is due to the potential for radiation to cause cellular mutations, which can lead to uncontrolled cell growth.

While other options mention effects that can arise from radiation exposure, they tend to be either less common, less severe, or specific to particular types of exposure scenarios. For example, skin burns and hair loss are also effects of radiation but are typically associated with high doses or acute radiation syndrome, rather than the long-term risks commonly discussed. Short-term fatigue and nausea may occur immediately following significant exposure but are not classified as somatic effects linked to long-term health outcomes like cancer. Hearing loss and vision impairment can result from various factors but are generally